Does a nursing practitioner have a duty to work in a clinic without the fundamental resource of water?
Ralehike MM*
DOI: 10.37722/APHCTM.2024203

Abstract: This report delves into the impact of a lack of water in healthcare clinics on nurses’ working environment…
and ethical considerations surrounding this issue. It argues that nursing practitioners should not be obligated to work in clinics without access to clean running water, as it can compromise patient care. The lack of water in healthcare facilities, especially in remote areas of South Africa, poses significant health risks to both nurses and patients. Existing professional and legal guidelines from the South African Nursing Council (SANC), as a nursing regulatory body, do not adequately address these issues and create ethical dilemmas for nursing practitioners who are working in clinical facilities that lack fundamental resources for quality care.
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Impact of Music Therapy on Neuro-Rehabilitation and Palliative Care in patients of Stroke: A Systematic Review of Randomised Control Trials (RCTs)
Nabarun Singh Sidhu*
DOI: 10.37722/APHCTM.2023102

Abstract:

Hypoglycemıc Effectıveness of the Antıdıabetıc Propertıes of RUMEX ACETOSA and SYZYGİUM CUMİNİ Extracts on Normal and Alloxan Monohydrate-Induced Dıabetıc Rabbıts
Jagessar R. C*
DOI: 10.37722/APHCTM.2024201

Abstract: COVID-19 has upended societies and dramatically altered everyday life across the globe…
Out of these, under the influence of these unprecedented conditions, one of the most disadvantaged communities can be called the “institutionalized children.” Hence, the impact study focused on children in voluntary homes, especially those in family-like care models (SOS Children’s Village) and total institutional care models, as per the literature review. This research was intended to distinguish the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on children in family-like care models and institutional care models in alternative care settings.

Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were adopted to study the impact on the development of children and youth in the two types of care systems, especially in COVID times. Ten major child development indicators related to the evolving capacities of children were addressed in this study. A questionnaire was used to generate data from children. A total of 602 people, 80% in institutional care and 20% in family-like care, were considered the sample. The data was validated through focus group discussions. The gathered data was analyzed using MS-Excel and Minitab.

Education, social relationships, reintegration into society, and emotional status were the most severely impacted components, which could have long-term consequences for youth and child development. Although there is evidence that children became accustomed to a pattern of self-directed learning and other creative activities during the COVID lockdown period, the study found that issues such as the lack of adequate facilities for online education and the need to stay close to loved ones inevitably affect their psychosocial development. The impact study recommends a smaller scale of family-like care or institutional care to fulfill the unaddressed needs and bring about systemic change, which are dire needs of policy practice in alternative care.
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QOC Evaluation in CTC Harare
Wilbert KP*
DOi: 10.37722/APHCTM.2023106

Abstract: This study evaluates the quality of care at Beatrice Infectious Hospital during the 2018 Harare Cholera outbreak…
Conducted at the largest and busiest Cholera Treatment Centre during the outbreak, the study aimed to assess compliance with the Zimbabwe Cholera Control Guidelines (ZCCG), the Ministry of Health and Child Care Quality Assurance policy, and the patient charter.

The evaluation focused on adherence to established healthcare protocols, patient management efficiency, and overall treatment effectiveness in mitigating the outbreak’s impact. Findings contribute to strengthening future epidemic responses and improving quality assurance in infectious disease management.
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An Impact Study of The COVID-19 Outbreak and Its Consequences for Children and Youth in Two Alternative Care Systems
Varathagowry Vasudevan*
DOI: 10.37722/APHCTM.2023203

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted institutionalized children, disrupting their development and well-being…
This study examines the effects of COVID-19 on children in voluntary homes, comparing family-like care models (SOS Children’s Village) and total institutional care models. Using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, data from 602 children (80% in institutional care and 20% in family-like care) was analyzed through MS-Excel and Minitab.

Key findings highlight severe disruptions in education, social relationships, reintegration into society, and emotional well-being. While some children adapted through self-directed learning, challenges such as limited online education facilities and emotional distress affected their psychosocial development.

The study recommends scaling down care models and implementing systemic policy reforms to address unfulfilled needs in alternative care settings.
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Scientific FACTS about Autism
David Rowland*
DOI: 10.37722/JNPABR.2024301

Abstract: To try to explain what they do not understand about autism, the psychology professions have falsely supposed that autism is a disorder that belongs on a spectrum…
This erroneous supposition has created an epidemic of false diagnoses whereby 70% of those believed to be on this alleged spectrum are not autistic. Autism is not a disorder. It is a genetic neurophysiological difference in how the brain processes information.

Autistic people live in a specialized inner space that is entirely intellectual, free from emotional and social distractions. They observe their outside world in detail, without any emotional attachment to what they see.
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Autistic People are Socially Disabled
David Rowland*
10.37722/JNPABR.2024302

Abstract: Autistic people are born into this world without innate biologically provided ways of emotionally connecting with other people…
In the autistic brain, a dysfunctional cingulate gyrus (CG) keeps attention permanently fixated in the left frontal lobe (logical/analytical) – with no ability to access the right frontal lobe (emotional, creative), which plays a central role in spontaneity, social behavior, and nonverbal abilities.

Autistic people live in a specialized inner space that is entirely intellectual, free from emotional and social distractions. They process their emotions intellectually, a process that can take 24 hours, by which time it is too late to have felt anything. To an autistic person, emotions are simply information.

Autistic people cannot be emotionally available to others. Their unique neurophysiology creates for them the lifelong experience of being outsiders from society.
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Jesus Prayers Applied in Separation of Craniopagus Twins
András Csókay*
DOI: 10.37722/JNPABR.202401

Abstract: The published presentations describing the separation of this case of conjoined twins did not describe the novel steps and techniques of the microsurgery part…
The microsurgery procedure lasted 26 hours, yet previous presentations did not include its novel techniques or the neurosurgical video. The strategy for final separation was developed through daily microsurgical practice on cadavers, leading to innovative surgical solutions such as the application of hinge and distractors.

One twin advanced to GOS 5 status within five postoperative months, while the other reached GOS 3 status but remained at that level. The latter suffered a massive brain hemorrhage on postoperative day 33, delaying rehabilitation and interfering with a potentially better outcome.

A thorough analysis of possible causative factors revealed a likely pathophysiological mechanism behind this complication. Two major factors were identified: traction-related traumatic brain injury occurring in the supine position and insufficient reconstruction of the posterior skull, which led to recurring tactile microtrauma of the brain. Additionally, coagulation test results were at the lower edge of normal parameters, possibly facilitating the hemorrhage.
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The Adoption of Cybersecurity: An Analysis of Maldivian Internet Users’ Behaviour Using the Health Belief Model
Ahmed Naufal Abdul Hadee^*
DOI: 10.37722/ESPRAM.2022203

Abstract: This study explores the role of music therapy in stroke rehabilitation, highlighting its impact on neuroplasticity and recovery…
Objective: This study examines the potential of music therapy as a cost-effective and accessible rehabilitation tool for stroke patients, addressing cognitive, motor, and emotional impairments.

Methods: A review of existing research on music neuroscience and its effects on stroke recovery was conducted, with a focus on its application in neurorehabilitation through melodic intonation therapy (MIT) and functional mobility improvement.

Results: Findings indicate that music therapy engages extensive neural networks, enhancing cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and speech recovery in aphasia patients. Additionally, music-based interventions have shown promise in improving mobility and gait performance in stroke survivors.

Conclusion: Music therapy presents a viable alternative to conventional stroke rehabilitation, particularly in resource-limited settings. Further studies are needed to evaluate its long-term efficacy and integration into clinical practice for optimizing patient outcomes.
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The Status of Surface Water at Three Selected Areas of Coastal Guyana and Removal of Contaminants Using a Suitable Natural Adsorbent 
Raymond Jagessar*
DOI: 10.37722/ESPRAM.2024202

Abstract: Surface water at Atlantic Gardens, Guyana, was tested for heavy metal cations, anions, and other parameters…
This study analyzed surface water from Atlantic Gardens, Block X Liliendaal, Pattensen, Turkeyen, Guyana, for heavy metal cations, anions, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, and salinity, both with and without an adsorbent—ground coconut midrib in its uncarbonized state.

The metal cations tested were Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺, while the anions analyzed were PO₄³⁻ and NO₃⁻, along with chlorides. The coconut midrib was ground, extracted with hexane, and dried before use. Results indicated that the uncarbonized adsorbent effectively removed Fe, Cl⁻, Al³⁺, PO₄³⁻, and NO₃⁻, while also reducing salinity.

Prior to adsorption, the water contained Al³⁺ (0.689 mg/L), PO₄³⁻ (0.90 mg/L), NO₃⁻ (10.18 mg/L), and salinity (0.01 mg/L). After treatment, respective concentrations were Fe (0.01 mg/L), Cl⁻ (0.00 mg/L), Al³⁺ (0.20 mg/L), PO₄³⁻ (0.40 mg/L), NO₃⁻ (4.56 mg/L), and salinity (0.0 mg/L). These findings demonstrate that ground coconut midrib in its uncarbonized state is an effective natural adsorbent for removing cationic and anionic pollutants from surface water.
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Describing and explaining consciousness

A Review of the Effects of Global Warming: Internationally and on Caribbean States
Raymond C. Jagessar*
DOI: 10.37722/ESPRAM.2024203

Abstract: Global warming is the ongoing rise in Earth’s average temperature, primarily due to greenhouse gases…
Global warming (GW) refers to the continuous increase in Earth’s average temperature, driven mainly by greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) contributes 9-26% of GW, while methane (CH₄) from wetlands, animal waste, and human activities like rice cultivation accounts for 4-9%. Ozone (O₃) contributes 3-7%, and nitrous oxide (N₂O) from fertilizers and biomass burning causes approximately 1% of GW. Greenhouse gas emissions increased by 2.2% per year from 2000 to 2010, compared to 1.3% per year from 1970 to 2000.

CO₂ is the primary contributor, as it traps heat and accumulates due to fossil fuel combustion, industrial activities, deforestation, and wildfires. This has led to a chemical imbalance in atmospheric CO₂, disrupting the carbon cycle and exacerbating global warming.

The effects of global warming are evident in melting ice caps, rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and shifting climate patterns. Global temperatures have risen by 1-2°C, with the Arctic experiencing significant ice loss. The release of freshwater into the ocean has altered critical currents that influence global climate. Caribbean sea levels have increased, while extreme weather events, including hurricanes and prolonged heat waves, have become more frequent and severe.

The Caribbean has faced severe infrastructural damage, declining agricultural productivity, and economic challenges due to climate change. Urgent action is required through global treaties and localized efforts to mitigate GW and protect vulnerable regions like the Caribbean from further devastation.
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Impact of Parasites in Captive Birds: A Review
Ombugadu, A*
DOI: 10.37722/ESPRAM.2024204

Abstract: The surface water at Atlantic Gardens, Block X Liliendaal, Pattensen, Turkeyen, Guyana was tested for heavy metal cations, anions, and other parameters…
The study analyzed surface water for heavy metal cations, anions, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, and salinity in the presence and absence of an adsorbent—ground coconut midrib in its uncarbonized state.

Metal cations tested included Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺, while anions analyzed were PO₄³⁻ and NO₃⁻, along with chlorides. The coconut midrib was ground, extracted with hexane, and dried before use. Results showed that the uncarbonized adsorbent effectively removed Fe, Cl⁻, Al³⁺, PO₄³⁻, and NO₃⁻, significantly reducing salinity.

Prior to adsorption, the water contained: Al³⁺ (0.689 mg/L), PO₄³⁻ (0.90 mg/L), NO₃⁻ (10.18 mg/L), and salinity (0.01 mg/L). After treatment, respective concentrations were: Fe (0.01 mg/L), Cl⁻ (0.00 mg/L), Al (0.20 mg/L), PO₄³⁻ (0.40 mg/L), NO₃⁻ (4.56 mg/L), and salinity (0.0 mg/L). These results indicate that ground coconut midrib in its uncarbonized state is an effective natural adsorbent for cationic and anionic pollutants in surface water.
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Hybridization Between Oreochromis Species in Pond Culture: A Comparative Analysis 
Edwin Kikamba*
DOI: 10.37722/JAMBE.2025101

Abstract: Hybridization between Oreochromis species in freshwater and aquaculture has become more frequent…
Hybridization between Oreochromis species in freshwater and aquaculture settings has increased in recent years. This study aimed to assess gonadal and gamete development in hybrids of Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis andersonii crossed with hybrids of Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis macrochir.

Nine male and eighteen female brooders, averaging 180±0.32g, were first conditioned by separating the sexes for one month and then fed a commercial diet at 5% body weight. Males and females were paired in a completely randomized 1 × 2 m hapa setup at a 1:1 sex ratio, with three repetitions.

Results showed that hybrid crosses did not breed after six weeks. Laboratory analysis revealed that three out of nine males exhibited partial gonadal development, six males had no gamete development, and only one male developed fully mature gonads. Female brood stock failed to develop gonads.

The findings indicate that gamete development in Oreochromis hybrids is unpredictable, highlighting the necessity of regularly replacing brood stock in aquaculture. While fish hybrids present advantages for aquaculture, their management must be carefully regulated to prevent ecological risks such as invasiveness, genetic pollution, ecosystem disruption, and altered nutrient cycling. Responsible breeding practices and regulatory frameworks are essential to maintain the sustainability of both aquaculture and natural aquatic ecosystems.
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Effects of Different Dietary Protein Sources on Water Quality Parameters and Growth Performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fingerlings
Victor O. Ogweny*
DOI: 10.37722/JAMBE.2024201

Abstract: Freshwater aquaculture dominates in Kenya, with Oreochromis niloticus favored for its adaptability…
Freshwater aquaculture is the leading form of aquaculture in Kenya, with Oreochromis niloticus preferred due to its adaptability to various environmental conditions and rapid growth. However, the economic viability of aquaculture is significantly influenced by the type and quality of fish feeds used in culture systems.

To address this issue, a study was conducted to examine the effects of different protein sources in fish diets on water quality and growth performance of O. niloticus fingerlings. Diets containing three locally sourced protein sources—Black Soldier Fly larvae (BSF) meal, Freshwater Shrimp meal (FSM), and Soybean meal (SBM)—along with a commercial feed control, were tested. Groups of 25 fish were replicated three times in a completely randomized design over a 10-week period at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Nairobi.

Results showed that weight gain was highest in fish fed BSF (103.7%), followed by FSM (93.7%), SBM (82.8%), and the control (59.2%). There were statistically significant effects on growth rates (p < 0.05), with the highest specific growth rate (SGR = 1.295) and survival rate (82.2%) recorded for BSF. Water quality parameters remained within acceptable limits, though temperature and phosphorus levels varied significantly across diets (p = 0.002 and p = 4.3e-05, respectively). Notably, BSF-based diets resulted in relatively higher phosphorus levels in water.

This study highlights the advantages of BSF as a superior protein source for O. niloticus culture, emphasizing its potential as a partial replacement for fishmeal in aquaculture. The findings underscore the importance of optimized feed formulations to enhance fish growth, reduce costs, and improve food security by utilizing BSF as an alternative protein source.
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Comparative Study of Paddlewheels and Fine Bubble Diffuser Aeration Systems in Red Tilapia Aquaculture: Impacts on Management, Productivity, And Financial Performance 
Fitriska Hapsari*
DOI: 10.37722/JAMBE.2024202

Abstract: Fine bubble diffuser technology enhances dissolved oxygen levels, addressing water quality issues in fish farming…
The implementation of fine bubble diffuser technology is designed to enhance dissolved oxygen levels, addressing a common challenge in fish farming where high stocking densities can compromise water quality. This technology is anticipated to improve water quality, increase productivity, and boost profitability.

This study evaluates aquaculture management practices, productivity, and financial performance in red tilapia farming using paddlewheels and fine bubble aeration diffusers. A mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative analyses, is employed. The research is conducted at a freshwater fish farming facility in Boyolali Regency, Central Java, which utilizes intensive farming methods for tilapia.

The introduction of the fine bubble diffuser has allowed for an increase in stocking density from 20 fish/m² to 100-150 fish/m². Despite the increased stocking density, water quality in ponds equipped with the diffuser remained stable, with higher dissolved oxygen (DO) levels compared to ponds without the diffuser, which had lower densities. Ponds with the fine bubble diffuser demonstrated an eight-fold increase in productivity.

Financial analysis revealed that these ponds generated seven times higher income, achieved faster return on investment, and had a lower break-even point (BEP), indicating greater profitability for farmers.
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Enhancing Food Production through Climate Resilient-Smart Agriculture for Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Wilfred Ifeanyi OKONKWO*
DOI: 10.37722/AAHAE.2024304

Abstract: Climate change poses a significant threat to humanity and the global food web, affecting agriculture and food security…
Climate change is perhaps the most serious environmental threat to humanity and the global food web. The impacts of climate change are manifest in hunger, low agricultural productivity, poverty, undernourishment, and soaring food prices that are presently ravaging the entire land. The challenges of changing weather, rainfall variability, increasing temperatures, drought, deforestation, and low productivity underscore the need for this paper.

Nigeria’s farming community consists of 70% of the entire population, out of which 88.4% are subsistence farmers, while 11.6% engage in medium to large-scale farming, producing about 70% of the food consumed by over 200 million Nigerians. Solutions to mitigating the increasing impacts of climate change should be driven by individuals, the government, and the private sector.

In the face of a growing population and the escalating effects of climate change, climate-resilient smart agriculture plays a key role. The benefits of smart agriculture include improved food production, the use of modern equipment to enhance productivity, growing climate-resistant crops and seedlings, and better environmental management. Government programs should focus on active participation, funding agricultural research, empowering local farmers, capacity building, developing drought-resistant and short-duration high-yielding crops, integrating indigenous and modern knowledge for climate adaptation, strengthening extension services, and encouraging farmer group formations.

This paper discusses strategies to enhance food production through climate-resilient smart agriculture in Nigeria. It highlights the key impacts of climate change on Nigeria’s agricultural development and provides policy recommendations to address these challenges for sufficient food production.
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Enriched Science and Technology Communication Economy in Agriculture by Use of Acacia sides as Potential Bio-Agents against Various Pathogens
Subhas Chandra Datta*
DOI: 10.37722/AAHAE.2024304

Abstract: This study explores the effectiveness of Acaciasides (A&B) as eco-friendly bio-agents against plant pathogens affecting mulberry crops…
Objective: This study investigates the impact of Acaciasides (A&B) in controlling plant diseases affecting mulberry (Morus alba L., cv. S1), crucial for silk production, while promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

Methods: The research evaluates Acaciasides (A&B) at a dosage of 1 mg per plant in mitigating diseases caused by pathogens, including root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita), leaf spot fungus (Cercospora moricola), powdery mildew fungus (Phyllactinia corylea), mosaic virus, and tukra disease (Maconellicoccus hirsutus).

Results: Acaciasides (A&B) significantly reduced disease incidence, enhanced mulberry leaf protein content, and improved silkworm rearing outcomes, including increased cocoon and shell weight, higher survival rates, and improved egg-laying capacity of mother moths. The findings highlight the potential of these bio-agents in enhancing agricultural productivity while reducing reliance on chemical pesticides.

Conclusion: Acaciasides (A&B) present a sustainable alternative for plant disease management, contributing to ecological balance and agricultural economy. The study also suggests potential applications in vaccine development by leveraging saponins for immune system enhancement against viruses like COVID-19. Further research could expand its role in sustainable agriculture and biotechnology.
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Intercultural Competence Assessment: Insights and Recommendations for Current Chinese Language Teaching in Public Schools of the UAE
Shan Jin*
DOI: 10.37722/EDIVF.2024101

Abstract: This study examines the challenges of assessing intercultural competence in Chinese language education in the UAE…
Objective: This study explores the application and evaluation challenges of intercultural competence within Chinese language education in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), proposing a refined assessment framework.

Methods: The research employs a literature review, keyword search analysis, and comparative analysis. It reviews various intercultural competence models, linking them to language proficiency. A keyword search focusing on “culture” and “intercultural” examines the integration of intercultural competence in UAE public schools’ Chinese language framework, identifying assessment gaps. A comparative analysis contrasts the UAE curriculum’s intercultural communicative competence requirements with established models, highlighting key challenges.

Results: The study reveals inconsistencies in intercultural competence evaluation, emphasizing the subjective nature of assessment techniques and the constraints imposed by students’ language proficiency. It also identifies challenges in embedding cultural insights within language instruction tailored to the UAE’s unique educational landscape.

Conclusion: The findings advocate for a multifaceted assessment approach, integrating diverse tools and strategies to enhance evaluation effectiveness and fairness. By refining intercultural competence assessments in Chinese language education, this study contributes to improving curriculum alignment with educational objectives and fostering a deeper intercultural understanding among students.
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“Douyin” And Fake News: A Study on The Impact on Users’ Perception in The Post-Truth Era
 Zhou Chenyan*
DOI: 10.37722/APHCTM.2024205

Abstract: This study explores the proliferation of fake news on Douyin, examining user susceptibility and its psychological impact…
Objective: This study investigates why social media users tend to believe in fake news and its impact on their perceptions through the lens of media dependency theory.

Methods: A qualitative content analysis was conducted on 340 user comments from Douyin, selected based on engagement metrics such as likes, to identify patterns in belief formation and perception shifts.

Results: The findings highlight two primary reasons for user susceptibility to fake news: cognitive biases and herd behavior, as well as the influence of Douyin’s media ecology and the existing social trust crisis. Additionally, fake news was found to induce emotional manipulation, misinterpretation of information, and an increasing distrust in institutions, ultimately leading to behavioral changes among users.

Conclusion: The study underscores the need for short video platforms to address the spread of misinformation and implement protective measures for users. Furthermore, it calls for journalism industries to adapt strategies to combat fake news effectively, aiming to restore public trust in news media within China.
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Student Attitudes Toward the Introduction of Mandatory Military Service in Croatian Armed Forces
Marija Gombar*
DOI: 10.37722/APHCTM.2024205

Abstract: This study examines high school students’ attitudes in Croatia toward the potential reintroduction of mandatory military service…
Objective: This research investigates high school students’ perspectives in Croatia regarding the potential reintroduction of mandatory military service, assessing their opinions on gender inclusion and the broader implications of such a policy.

Background: Croatia suspended mandatory military service in 2007 to develop a smaller, more professional force and ease financial burdens. After joining NATO, the country gained strategic military protection, reducing the necessity for conscription. While military service has traditionally been compulsory for men, some nations extend the requirement to women, sparking debates about personal freedoms versus national security.

Methods: A survey was conducted among 190 high school students from three northwestern counties to gauge their views on reinstating conscription and its potential expansion to include women.

Results: Findings indicate that most respondents lack a firm stance on mandatory military service trends in Europe or its potential return in Croatia. However, they oppose requiring women over 18 to serve. Additionally, family ties to the military or Croatian War Veterans do not significantly influence attitudes. Both male and female students share similar views on conscription and generally express little concern over global conflicts, often prioritizing personal comfort over active engagement with defense policies.

Conclusion: The study highlights a general apathy among Croatian youth toward mandatory military service, suggesting that reinstating conscription may not align with current generational attitudes. These insights contribute to ongoing discussions on defense policy and civic engagement among young citizens.
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Textualizing Memory of the Landscape in Tibet: The Pilgrimage Tradition of Mount Drakar Dreldzong
Tseten Gyal Lhade*
DOI: 10.37722/APHCTM.2024205

Abstract: This study examines high school students’ attitudes in Croatia toward the potential reintroduction of mandatory military service…
Mandatory military service in Croatia was suspended in 2007 to develop a smaller, professional military and reduce financial burdens. Following NATO accession, Croatia benefits from strategic military protection, reducing the necessity for conscription. While traditionally compulsory for men, some nations extend the requirement to women, sparking debates over personal freedoms versus national security.

This study surveys 190 high school students from three northwestern counties to assess their perspectives on reinstating conscription and including women. Results indicate that respondents lack a definitive opinion on the trend of mandatory service in Europe or its potential reinstatement in Croatia. However, they generally oppose requiring women over 18 to serve. Additionally, family ties to the military or Croatian War Veterans do not significantly influence attitudes. Both male and female students share similar views on conscription and express little concern over global conflicts, prioritizing personal comfort over active engagement in defense policies.

The findings suggest that Croatian youth exhibit apathy toward mandatory military service, raising questions about the feasibility of reintroducing conscription. These insights contribute to ongoing discussions on defense policy and civic engagement among young citizens.
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Exoscopes, a new dimension in Neurosurgery?
Rene Regatschnig*
DOI: 10.37722/JSOTA.2024102

Abstract: This study evaluates four different exoscopes, comparing them to each other and the operating microscope (OM)…
Objective: We tested four different exoscopes and compared them to each other and to the operating microscope (OM) to evaluate whether exoscopes can replace OM in neurosurgery at present.

Methods: The exoscopes were tested both in the lab and in the operating room over several weeks. Neurosurgeons in our department used the exoscopes in standard cranial and spinal procedures, comparing them to the OM. After each procedure, the surgeons evaluated the exoscope through a structured questionnaire.

Results: Each surgeon underwent training in the lab before using the exoscopes in surgery. The evaluations indicated that exoscopes outperformed the OM in areas such as ergonomics, visualization, and viewing angles. The learning curve was shallow with prior lab training, and no neurosurgeon reverted to the OM during a procedure. However, notable differences existed between the different exoscopes.

Conclusion: Based on our findings, we decided to replace our OM with an exoscope. The advantages of exoscopes outweigh their drawbacks, and with future advancements, we believe exoscopes will fully replace OM, bringing a new dimension to neurosurgical practice.
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Cybersickness Associated with Participating in an International Virtual Reality-Style Conference
Takeya Adachi*
10.37722/AOHNS.2024202

Abstract: This study investigates cybersickness, a common side effect of virtual reality (VR), in an international scientific conference…
Objective: Recent technological advances have increased the use of virtual reality (VR) tools, yet their health hazards remain underexplored, especially in international scientific conferences. This study aims to clarify the characteristics of cybersickness, a typical side effect of VR.

Methods: A web-based questionnaire in Japanese was distributed to 69 participants of a VR-style conference. The response rate was 33%, with 46 participants from Asia and 23 from Europe and the United States.

Results: Eight respondents experienced symptoms of cybersickness, frequently occurring within the first hour of participation (62.5%). Participants using head-mounted displays had a significantly higher incidence of cybersickness (p = 0.03). Notably, two participants (4.3%) from Asia developed symptoms during the daytime, while six participants from Europe and the United States experienced cybersickness at night, indicating a higher risk for those attending the conference at night (p = 0.01).

Conclusion: Cybersickness was more prevalent among attendees from different time zones, highlighting the need to identify key factors causing conflicting sensory signals in VR. Understanding these triggers can help develop strategies to mitigate cybersickness and improve the usability of VR in advanced communication technologies.
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Establishment of an Efficient Paraffin Embedding Method for 3-Dimension Cultured Oral Cell Organoids 
Bao-Feng Wang*
DOI: 10.37722/AOHNS.2023201

Abstract: This study focuses on developing an efficient paraffin embedding technique tailored for 3D cell culture models…
Objective: This study aimed to develop a streamlined and efficient paraffin embedding technique specifically designed for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models.

Methods: Oral epithelial cells (OECs) were used to culture 3D cell organoids, followed by paraffin embedding. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining were performed to evaluate the morphology and protein expression of the OEC organoids.

Results: Both HE and IF stains accurately detected the morphological structure and protein expression within the 3D OEC organoids.

Conclusion: The implementation of this paraffin embedding technique represents a significant advancement in the potential of 3D cell culture models. This progress expands its utility across various fields, including disease modeling, translational medical research, and pharmaceutical innovations.
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Basal ganglia, Cortex and Pyramidal tract repair through 2 years of Coordination Dynamics Therapy 12 years after hypoxia during birth
Giselher Schalow*
DOI: 10.37722/AOASM.2023202

Abstract: This study examines the effectiveness of Coordination Dynamics Therapy in rehabilitating a patient with cerebral hemiplegia…
Objective: This study evaluates the impact of Coordination Dynamics Therapy (CDT) on the motor and cognitive recovery of a 12-year-old patient, Alen, who suffered from cerebral hemiplegia due to perinatal asphyxia.

Methods: Alen underwent CDT for two years, focusing on improving his motor functions, including creeping, crawling, walking, and running. A specialized jumping/bumping maneuver was introduced to stimulate stepping automatism and promote balanced leg growth.

Results: Significant improvements were observed, including near-normal locomotion, regained left-hand function for daily tasks, and a reduction in leg length discrepancy from 4 cm to 2 cm, eliminating the need for an orthosis. Cognitive function also improved, enhancing learning abilities.

Conclusion: CDT facilitated remarkable recovery in two years, achieving progress that conventional treatments failed to deliver over 12 years. The jumping maneuver offers a promising approach to enhancing motor function in hemiplegic patients, akin to the Jendrassik maneuver.
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Resolution of Patellofemoral Bone Marrow Edema and Subchondral Cysts on MRI Post a Single Autologous Fat-Derived Expanded Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy
Hassan Mubark^*
DOI: 10.37722/AOASM.2021501

Abstract: This study presents a case of knee osteoarthritis treated successfully with mesenchymal stem cells…
Objective: This study reports the clinical and radiological outcomes of a single-dose autologous fat-derived expanded mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy combined with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for knee osteoarthritis.

Methods: A 54-year-old male, an active salesperson, presented with symptomatic right knee osteoarthritis. MRI revealed multiple patellofemoral subchondral bone marrow edema, subchondral cysts, a medial meniscus tear, and cartilage loss in both the medial and patellofemoral compartments, accompanied by a large Baker’s cyst and synovitis. The patient had previously failed ultrasound-guided steroid injection. He was treated with a single dose of expanded MSCs combined with PRP.

Results: The patient experienced complete symptom resolution within three months of treatment. Nine months post-therapy, he remained asymptomatic, with MRI confirming a significant reduction in synovitis and a tiny residual Baker’s cyst. A follow-up MRI at 33 months demonstrated complete resolution of both bone marrow edema and multiple subchondral patellofemoral bone cysts.

Conclusion: This case highlights the potential of MSC therapy as a promising intervention for knee osteoarthritis, demonstrating sustained clinical and radiological improvements. The observed anti-inflammatory effects of MSCs contributed to long-term joint preservation, offering a viable alternative to surgical interventions.
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